Articles

Articles by Rev Cornelis Kant, Executive director of Christians for Israel International

15 April 2025

The Sufferings of Israel and of the Messiah Jesus

As we approach Easter, we reflect on the suffering and death of Jesus. Scripture draws deep and...

29 October 2024

Is God Hardening Hearts?

There is a huge amount of ongoing global prayer for Israel and for the peace of Jerusalem, as...

17 October 2022

Believing Without Israel: How Israel disappeared from our Christian faith

In this new series of articles, Rev. Cornelis Kant, explains how it happened that the role of...

2 July 2022

XII Theses on Israel – Thesis 12 | Rev. Willem J.J. Glashouwer

Thesis 12: We believe that ultimately and finally the renewal of all things will take place...

16 August 2021

The Lord’s Supper and Israel

We all frequently celebrate the Lord’s Supper, or Eucharist, in our Churches. The focus is on our r...

30 March 2021

Biblical Reflection “Father Forgive Them…”

"And Jesus said, 'Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they do" (Luke 23: 34) The...

19 February 2021

The Spirit of Purim

On February 25 and 26, Jewish men, women and children in Israel and all over the world celebrate...

21 December 2020

Jesus and Israel

As Christians, we are soon going to celebrate Christmas, the coming of Jesus to this world through...

28 May 2020

Ruth as the ‘Type’ of Israel

The book of Ruth is traditionally read in the synagogue during the Feast of Pentecost...

19 August 2019

Bible Versions and Israel

Over the last decades, numerous versions of new Bible translations have been published. Bible...

7 June 2019

The Feast of Shavu’ot

“You shall count seven weeks (...) Then you shall keep the Feast of Weeks to the Lord your God” (De...

21 February 2019

Israel is a ‘Treasured Possession’

When I speak or preach about the Jewish people as God’s chosen people, often people react with a f...

18 October 2018

Who is the Servant of the Lord?

In several chapters, the prophet Isaiah speaks about the ‘Servant of the Lord’. Who is he? I alr...

7 August 2018

Israel Already Belongs to Jesus, their Shepherd

In Ezekiel 34 the prophet speaks about the wrong shepherds of Israel in his days: “Woe to you s...

Articles by Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer – President Christians for Israel

22 July 2025

Biblical Significance of the Mount of Olives

When visiting Jerusalem with a group, the guide will often take you to the Mount of Olives first...

15 January 2025

Prayer Prohibited

Thirty days being prohibited to pray. That happened to Daniel. We can read this in Daniel 6:5-17...

23 April 2024

Powers of Darkness

“Finally, be strong in the Lord and in His mighty power. Put on the full armor of God, so that you c...

12 April 2024

Demonic A-B-C

“When He arrived at the other side [of the River Jordan] in the region of the Gadarenes, two d...

9 April 2024

Apostles’ Creed & Israel

The Early Church Christianity formulated throughout the ages its Christian faith. The Church...

6 March 2024

A Greater Miracle than the Exodus from Egypt

“So then, the days are coming,” declares the Lord, “when people will no longer say, ‘As surely as th...

20 February 2024

Gaza and the Gods of Mesopotamia

The gods of Mesopotamia also include the old Canaanite gods. And these gods are still relevant...

6 February 2024

Reflection Revelation 21:5 (3 of 3)

“He who was seated on the throne said, “I am making everything new!” Then He said, “Write this down...

30 January 2024

Reflection Jeremiah 32:37-41 (2 of 3)

“I will surely gather them from all the lands where I banish them in my furious anger and great w...

23 January 2024

Reflection Obadiah 20b (1 of 3)

“The exiles from Jerusalem who are in Sepharad will possess the towns of the Negev…” Obadiah 20b (NI...

13 December 2023

Hanukkah – Festival of Lights for Jews and Christians

The Festival of Lights is one of the most important holidays of Judaism and starts every year at 25...

13 December 2023

Looking On the One They Have Pierced

Layers in prophecy Prophecy in the Bible is like a stone thrown in a pond. The little waves caused...

5 December 2023

Why Israel in Prophetic Perspective – Islam, Christians and Israel (Part 2 of 2)

Hope for the Future? What does the future hold for Christian minorities in Islamic contexts? The...

28 November 2023

Why Israel in Prophetic Perspective – Islam, Christians and Israel (Part 1 of 2)

Allah. The key question to answer when one talks about Jews, Christians and Muslims is: are Muslims...

20 July 2023

If the Biblical Foundation Falls Away, So Will the Support for Israel

Belief in the Bible as a reliable source of information has been under attack for centuries. So has...

26 April 2023

Did Abraham Have Children After the Death Of Sarah?

Keturah Sometimes people ask: how is it possible that Abraham and Sarah could not have children...

29 March 2023

A Day Of Rest For The People Of God

“Consequently, there remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God.” (Hebrews 4:9 NASB) It is clear...

5 January 2023

Apocalyptic Riders – Part 2 Short Version

When the four Apocalyptic horsemen ride out over the earth, they leave behind a trail of...

16 November 2022

Apocalyptic Riders – Part 1

Looking into the distant future of the end of times, the Apostle John sees in the Book of...

14 April 2022

The Passover Lamb

It plays an important role in the story of the exodus and is one of the first commandments given to...

25 March 2022

The Dutch Chief Rabbi Jacobs in Ukraine (3)

After 270 kilometers and a three-and-a-half-hour drive through Moldova, we arrive in Kishenev, the...

27 January 2022

One day Israel will be the head, not the tail

The Holocaust stands alone among the massacres of mankind throughout the centuries. Six million...

6 October 2021

His Feet Will Stand on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem

Replacement theology caused a blockage in the thinking of the Church on many fronts. The Holy...

2 February 2021

Unconditionally Connected

The Most High has unfailingly connected Himself with Israel: land, people and the city of...

28 October 2020

The Voice of God

“…Ask now about the former days, long before your time, from the day God created human beings on the...

20 October 2020

All Israel?

Romans 11:25-27 says, “I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, brothers and sisters, so t...

16 September 2020

The Love for Israel – Part 3

Psalm 105:7-11 “…He is the Lord our God; His judgments are in all the earth. He remembers His Cov...

14 September 2020

Seven Misunderstandings about Israel and the Bible

Israel is an awkward topic to many Christians. Does it even matter for a Christian? Why are some...

8 September 2020

The Love for Israel – Part 2

Israel is God’s firstborn son. Even literally so. Israel’s very existence is miraculous, for Abr...

1 September 2020

The Love for Israel – Part 1

During the years as chairman of Christians for Israel (Holland), and today as President of...

31 March 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Ten

“When the seven peals of thunder had spoken, I was about to write; and I heard a voice from Heaven s...

17 March 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Nine

“He who overcomes, I will make him a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will not go out from it...

9 March 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Eight

“And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write: He who is holy, who is true, who has the key...

24 February 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Seven

“To the angel of the church in Sardis write: He who has the seven Spirits of God and the seven s...

12 February 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Six

“And to the angel of the church in Thyatira write: The Son of God, who has eyes like a flame of f...

5 February 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Five

“And to the angel of the church in Pergamum write, ‘These things says He who has the sharp two...

29 January 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Four

“And to the angel of the church in Smyrna write: The first and the last, who was dead, and has come...

21 January 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Three

“To the angel of the church in Ephesus write: “These are the words of Him who holds the seven stars...

15 January 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number Two

“Therefore write the things which you have seen, and the things which are, and the things which w...

8 January 2020

The Book of Revelation – Write Number One

We all know the Eight, or even Nine Beatitudes of Jesus recorded in the Gospel of Matthew...

13 November 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number Seven

“Look, I am coming soon! My reward is with Me, and I will give to each person according to what t...

6 November 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number Six

“Look, I am coming soon! Blessed is the one who keeps the words of the prophecy written in this s...

30 October 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number Five

“Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. The second death has no power over...

23 October 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number Four

“Then the angel said to me, “Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the wedding supper of...

16 October 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number Three

“Look, I come like a thief! Blessed is the one who stays awake and remains clothed, so as not to go...

9 October 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number Two

“Then I heard a voice from Heaven say, “Write this: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from no...

1 October 2019

The Book of Revelation – Beatitude Number One

“Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear it a...

30 September 2019

The Book of Revelation – The Seven Beatitudes Introduction

We all know the Eight, or even Nine Beatitudes of Jesus recorded in the Gospel of Matthew...

17 September 2019

Marry The Land

“And they will return from the land of the enemy.” (Jeremiah 31:16 NASB) Basically the ‘lands’ an...

13 August 2019

Where is the Church?

A question that has been haunting me for many years is: “Where was the Church”? Today the question t...

2 June 2019

The New Covenant With Israel: First-Fruits

Shavuot or Shovuos, in Ashkenazi usage; Shavuʿoth in Sephardi and Mizrahi Hebrew (Hebrew...

3 May 2019

Israel is Heading Towards a Glorious Future

Although the ‘birth pains’ in the end times will be intense and painful, according to the words of J...

5 July 2017

City of the Great King

Part I: Jerusalem, the Eternal Dwelling Place When Israel reclaimed Jerusalem in 1967, it m...

16 January 2017

Seventy Nations

Those who have followed the developments in the Middle East year after year will not have missed...

11 January 2017

Jerusalem, the UN and the times of the Gentiles

By Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer.. When we see what is happening in the UN at the moment, we are...

17 November 2016

Jerusalem and the Temple Mount

By Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer.. Jerusalem and the Temple Mount “…But you will cross the Jordan and...

3 November 2016

A Land, A People/Nation, A Blessing

The Lord had said to Abram, “Leave your native country, your relatives, and your father’s family, an...

20 October 2016

Blessing For The Nations

By Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer.. The presence of the Jews among the nations of the world over the...

6 October 2016

“I will turn to Israel again”

“Soon the fullness of the Gentiles will be retained and I will turn to Israel again, to my Jewish p...

6 October 2016

God Is No Liar

By Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer.. To conclude upon the crucifixion of Jesus that God changed His mind...

2 September 2016

New Biblical Theology

By Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer.. In 1948 ‘Replacement Theology’ and its variation ’Fulfilment Theol...

22 December 2015

Resurrection

Calabria – Italy is a wonderful place to be. The mountains, the villages, the seashore and the m...

30 September 2015

Brave New World

“Brave New World” is a science fiction novel by the British novelist Aldous Huxley. Wikipedia says a...

12 June 2015

World Powers

When did the ‘times of the Gentiles’ begin? Some say it was when Solomon’s Temple was destroyed by t...

14 January 2015

Lawlessness Is Rampant – The Bible Open

The seventh in the list of the descendants of Adam in the genealogy of Cain was Lamech, evil...

16 December 2014

The Stars Of Bethlehem

What do the stars tell us? What message do we read in the firmament? Astrology was developed by...

11 December 2014

Deafness and blindness

He said, “Go and tell this people: ” ‘Be ever hearing, but never understanding; be ever seeing, but...

5 June 2014

Silence… before the storm

By Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer.. “When he opened the seventh seal, there was SILENCE in heaven for ab...

31 October 2013

Israel is the greatest sign of hope

This interview was held with Rev Willem J.J. Glashouwer, president of Christians for Israel...

10 October 2013

Submitting to the Israel Mystery

Submitting to the Israel mystery “Actually, I wasn’t very much involved with Israel”, Rev Willem...

12 September 2013

Feasts Of The Fall

The Jewish ‘civil’ year starts in the autumn with the Jewish New Year: ‘Rosh Hashanah’. It is celebr...

16 July 2013

Aliyah, the Return of the Jewish People (Part 2-2)

This second article focuses on the Biblical verses dealing with: God’s warnings to the n...

4 July 2013

Aliyah, the Return of the Jewish People (Part 1-2)

The desire for a better understanding of God’s Biblical purposes for Israel, the church and the n...

26 June 2013

President of Turkey (Former PM of Turkey), Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Gog of Ezekiel 38 and 39?

Rev. Willem Glashouwer.. A Belgian brother recently sent me a number of surprisingly new ideas. I...

19 December 2012

The voice in the wilderness (audio teaching)

The United Nations General Assembly decided on the 29th November 2012 to recognize the PLO as...

15 December 2011

Jesus will sit on the throne of His father David

The Angel Gabriel made two promises to Mary. First – she would be the mother of a Holy Child. S...

7 June 2011

The First Circle

For Israel these are disquieting developments in the Middle East. In the north, it seems that...

9 May 2011

Your Kingdom Come…

When the Lord Jesus taught His disciples the beautiful prayer known as the Lord’s Prayer, He began...

23 February 2011

Peace In The Middle East

When one looks at the heartbreaking conflict in the Middle East, one cannot help but think about...

9 December 2010

Anti-Semitism in the Church

In this video Rev. Willem J.J. Glashouwer teaches about Anti-Semitism in the Church. Jews were...

Articles by Rev Henk Poot, Christians for Israel

22 July 2025

Biblical Significance of the Mount of Olives

When visiting Jerusalem with a group, the guide will often take you to the Mount of Olives first...

23 December 2021

God With Us

The words spoken by the prophet Isaiah to the house of David (Isaiah 7:14) have a deep significance...

22 December 2020

Israel, Light to the Nations

Israel has been chosen by God. But as God’s chosen one the people of Israel are also God’s servant w...

5 May 2020

God’s People Forever (Jeremiah 31 – 10) (Ending)

The New Covenant for Judah and Israel has been confirmed by Christ’s sacrifice. He can hand out the...

14 April 2020

A New Covenant (Jeremiah 31 – part 9)

Jeremiah lived in the time when Jerusalem was about to be destroyed. Even the Temple would be...

4 March 2020

Changing the situation (Jeremiah 31 – part 8)

In the New International Version (NIV), it says that the Lord will “bring Judah back from c...

11 February 2020

How long will you remain indecisive? (Jeremiah 31 – part 7)

Dancing is not for me. I don’t even know why. It is probably a mix of shyness and clumsiness. But i...

7 January 2020

Ephraim, My Precious Son (Jeremiah 31 – part 6)

When you read Jeremiah 31:18 through 20 it is as if you taste two hearts. The heart of Ephraim...

17 December 2019

Rachel’s Tears (Jeremiah 31 – part 5)

First, we read in Jeremiah the beautiful portrayal of the return of the deportees to Zion; “He who s...

10 December 2019

Prisoners will be set free (Jeremiah 31 – part 4)

Jeremiah tells about the beautiful promise that the Lord will gather in His flock as a shepherd and...

8 October 2019

The miracle of the return (Jeremiah 31 – part 3)

You so often read in the Bible that God will bring back His people and here in Jeremiah 31 you read...

26 September 2019

Head of the Nations (Jeremiah 31 – part 2)

Last month (April 2019) Danny Danon, the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, addressed the...

9 July 2019

What a prophecy! (Jeremiah 31 – part 1)

One of the most beautiful chapters from the Bible in my opinion is Jeremiah 31. This part of the...

30 April 2019

The Secret of Israel (18) – The Finale has Started

We are approaching the conclusion or rather the climax of the history of salvation. The Gospel of...

23 April 2019

The Secret of Israel (17) – The Commandment is Holy and Just and Good

The apostles’ decision that obeying the law of Moses is not required for the new believers from the...

16 April 2019

The Secret of Israel (16) – Jesus Rejection

By now it has become clear that the Gospel has to be preached to the nations outside Israel. If you...

9 April 2019

The Secret of Israel (15) – When will it be?

The coming of God’s Son has enormous consequences for the history of salvation and for Israel. F...

2 April 2019

The Secret of Israel (14) – The big confrontation

What fascinates me every time is that Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, at the beginning of His work...

27 March 2019

The Secret of Israel (13) – The New Covenant

Jesus will make the new covenant as well. People frequently think that with that the period of God...

22 March 2019

The Secret of Israel (12) – Immanuel

That the coming saviour and king of the end time would come from Israel was quite clear. In the...

19 March 2019

The secret of Israel (11) – Political developments

Gradually we are moving towards the Gospel. Maybe it is in our Bible only one white page, but in...

12 March 2019

The secret of Israel (10) – The Son of the Blessed One

The prophets of Israel tell what the calling is of the King of the end times. In Isaiah 49 we find...

5 March 2019

The secret of Israel (9) – The God of Israel

The calling of Israel is to acquaint the world with the only God in heaven and on earth. For that...

26 February 2019

The secret of Israel (8) – The Calling of Israel

Once arrived in God’s heritage it becomes clear why Israel was created and chosen by the Lord. The n...

19 February 2019

The Secret of Israel (7) – On the way to the land of Canaan

When Abram is one hundred years old, Isaac is born. The Bible tells that at that moment the...

5 February 2019

The secret of Israel (6) – The Fall of Man

God does not bring His friend Abram to the location of the Garden of Eden for any apparent reason...

29 January 2019

The secret of Israel (5) – The cradle of civilization

Not only does God bring His friend Abram to His land. Where the patriarch of Israel will experience...

16 January 2019

The secret of Israel (4) – Heading for a new land

When God chooses Abram to enter the history of salvation, He surrounds him with an enormous...

9 January 2019

The secret of Israel (3) – The calling of Abram

The appearance of Jesus the Messiah is the culmination in God’s great plan towards the restoration o...

11 December 2018

The secret of Israel (2) – The coming of the Kingdom

Not only the two men from Emmaus, but also the other voices in the Gospel make it clear that with...

4 December 2018

The Secret of Israel (1) – The Men on the Road to Emmaus

The editorial staff asked me to write a series of Posts about the importance of Israel in the Bible...

27 November 2018

He was with Israel all the time

One of my greatest discoveries in recent years has everything to do with Jesus. Never before did I...

Articles by Johannes Gerloff©

20 June 2023

Do Not Quarrel on the Way!

A role model for Messiah Jacob’s son Joseph is a prophetic type for the Messiah of Israel. He was s...

23 August 2021

‘Gharqad’, the Tree of the Jews

Terrorism experts and conflict theorists distinguish between capabilities and motivation in a...

1 January 2021

The Lord Loves Zion

With enigmatic staccato, Psalm 87 throws assertions at its readers that at first glance seem...

3 August 2020

Biblical Borders of Israel (part 2)

This article is the second installment of the two-part series. The first article was published in...

3 July 2020

Biblical Borders of Israel (part 1)

On the political stage of the Middle East, I have never seen anyone ask about the biblical borders...

28 September 2019

The Outcry – Psalm 2, Part 7 © Johannes Gerloff

The Anointed Servant of the Lord in Psalm 2 does not accept the terrible task of smashing the...

19 June 2019

A Cruel Assignment – Psalm 2, Part 6 © Johannes Gerloff

When God turns to a person in a special way, when He chooses him, giving him a special status and...

12 April 2019

Pure Hope – Psalm 2, Part 5 © Johannes Gerloff

‘Fascinating Colourful’ is Psalm 2. It speaks on several levels at the same time into very diverse t...

10 October 2018

Fascinating Psalm 2 – Part 4 © Johannes Gerloff

The God revealed to us by the Bible is not just sitting in heaven, smiling about the events on...

15 August 2018

So far, the author of Psalm 2 concentrated on immanent developments. He described what happens...

12 June 2018

The world is in turmoil. Hundreds of thousands of people are killed every year. Millions...

5 February 2018

The Bible is actually exciting, enthralling, and especially up-to-date. The problem for us though...

2 February 2018

“Who owns Jerusalem?” the whole world wondered at the end of 2017, strangely emotionally, as if it w...

Articles by Andrew Tucker

8 December 2017

Jerusalem in the ‘End Times’

There is a lot of talk about the end times, or ‘last days’, that have been prophesied in the Bible...

21 July 2015

The problem with BDS

A local TV station in Holland, in partnership with a local “Community for Peace” group, recently sen...

23 September 2011

Why Jerusalem must not – and cannot – be divided

In the life of every nation and person, there are moments when we have to make decisions that...

7 September 2009

Birth of the State of Israel

We need to learn from what has happened in the past; see how Israel’s originally allocated c...

Articles by Rev Oscar Lohuis

24 September 2019

Israel’s Suffering for Our Sake

In his letters Paul addresses specifically the Gentiles, the non-Jews, at least twice. He does this...

24 November 2016

A modest attitude

In many churches, there is a certain awareness that Israel is a special people and a special land...

Articles by Kameel Majdali

15 October 2024

A Look at Zechariah 14: Jesus Christ – Coming to Stay

“Your kingdom come. Your will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.” Matthew 6:10 We recite this li...

29 June 2023

In the Beginning: The History of Jerusalem—Part 1

Thus say the Lord God; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the midst of the nations and countries...

23 June 2022

Abraham & David: Keys to Understand Current Events & Prophecy

In our last article, we briefly discussed current events, particularly affecting Israel and the...

4 November 2021

Signs of the Times: Meet the Prophets

Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Turkey, and more ... the Middle East is ever in the news. If you...

23 September 2019

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 7)

We continue—and conclude—a 7 part series about Jerusalem and the Christian pilgrim. Part 01: We l...

28 February 2019

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 6)

In Part 6 we will explore the nature of today’s Christian visits to Jerusalem. Onward Christian P...

24 January 2019

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 5)

In Part 05, we will continue to explore this fascinating topic: are today’s Christian visitors to J...

22 November 2018

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 4)

Pilgrim or Tourist? Helping Define the Modern Christian Visitor to Jerusalem? In Part 01 of our...

8 November 2018

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 3)

For many believing Christians, it is a dream come true. Whether on tour, business, or a private...

25 October 2018

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 2)

In Part 01 of our series about Jerusalem and Christians visits, we learned that the ‘river of p...

11 October 2018

Jerusalem: Magnet for Christian Visits (Part 1)

We are all familiar with the 1967 Six Day War in Jerusalem and what transpired. Jerusalem was...

1 February 2018

US President Donald Trump’s Jerusalem Declaration: Who Cares?

Therefore, I have determined that it is time to officially recognise Jerusalem as the capital of...

Articles by Rev Jaap de Vreugd

13 January 2021

Be watchful – Not fearful

What does the COVID-19 pandemic tell us? Does it belong to the woes that announce the coming of...

25 June 2019

Fellow citizens and members of the family

The congregation is the place created by God after Whitsun (Shavuot) where the gentiles may share...

23 July 2015

Lies about Israel

How was the State of Israel established? Gradually a certain image got stuck in the public opinion...

Articles by Rev Kees de Vreugd

6 October 2025

Sukkot—Feast of Tabernacles

From 7 to 13 October, Israel celebrates Sukkot, the Feast of Tabernacles. Like every Jewish...

1 October 2024

Feasts of Autumn: Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Sukkot

Israel has three special celebration times in the autumn: New Year, the Day of Atonement (Yom...

7 December 2023

Hanukkiah – Signs of the Faith

In this series, ‘Signs of the Faith’, objects, procedures and concepts that express Jewish faith are...

25 July 2023

Zecher Lechurban – ‘Remembrance of the destruction’ of the Temple

In this series, ‘Signs of Faith’, objects, procedures and concepts that express Jewish faith are exp...

26 April 2023

Seder Plate – Signs of the Faith

In this series, ‘Signs of Faith’, objects, procedures and concepts that express Jewish faith are exp...

8 February 2023

Megillat Esther – Signs of the Faith

In this series, ‘Signs of Faith’, objects, procedures and concepts that express Jewish faith are exp...

11 January 2023

Tzitzit – Signs of the Faith

In this series, ‘Signs of Faith’, objects, procedures and concepts that express Jewish faith are exp...